India has seen rapid urbanisation in recent times, its urban population growing from 286 million in 2001 to 377 million in 2011, constituting 31.16% of the country’s population. This is expected to reach 590 million by 2030, contributing 70% to the country’s GDP.
According to a McKinsey report, by 2030 India will have 6 mega cities with a population of 10 million or more, 13 cities with 4 million people each, and 68 cities with population of over 1 million each.
This giant growth of urban population is throwing up challenges and opportunities in the housing and infrastructure sectors for the central, state and local or city governments, as well as private industry including LED Street Lighting for Green Cities.
Indian governance
In India there are 29 states and 10 union territories. Under the administrative structure of India the governance of all cities and towns is by Urban Local Bodies (ULB) which are divided in to three categories based on population and area.
Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation) - population of more than 1 Million.
Nagar Palika (Municipality) - population of more than 0.1 Million.
Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council, City Council) – Population of more than 11,000 and less than 25,000.
Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation) - population of more than 1 Million.
Nagar Palika (Municipality) - population of more than 0.1 Million.
Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council, City Council) – Population of more than 11,000 and less than 25,000.
India road network
India has a road network of over 4,689,842 kilometres in 2013, second largest road network in the world. At 0.66 km of roads per km2 of land, the quantitative density of India's road network is similar to that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China (0.16) or Brazil (0.20). However, qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are being improved. As of 2011, 54 percent – about 2.53 million kilometres – of Indian roads were paved.
LED street light potential
There are 3,723 (ULBs) in India. Most ULBs have either inadequate or poor street lighting and spend considerable sums of money on their operation and maintenance, besides increasing their coverage in the area of jurisdiction. The potential savings in energy across the country by replacing HPSV street lights with LEDs is enormous.
Initiative by BEE
During 11th five year Plan (Year 2007–2012) Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Government of India, Ministry of Power had undertaken several initiatives where energy efficiency through municipal demand side was the thrust area of BEE programmes. BEE funded preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) for 269 municipalities or Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) covering 15 states (out of 29 states) to bring out potential of reducing energy consumption of 711 mln kWh annually, which is approximately 52% of the consumption. The savings potential is approximately Rs.3250 mln. However capital investment needed is over Rs.25000mln, if all 3.365 mln street lights with convention lamps like HPSV, HPMV, TL etc, are replaced by LED streetlights.
ESCO mode
The overall size of energy efficiency market is estimated to be Rs. 74,000 crores. Till now, only 5% of this market has been tapped through ESCO mode mainly in the areas of lighting and some industrial applications and the large-scale implementation of energy efficiency is constrained by a number of important regulatory, institutional and financing barriers. The concept of performance contracting implemented by Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) is being increasingly considered as a mechanism to overcome some of the barriers hindering and discouraging the large-scale implementation of energy efficiency projects. However, despite the fact that the potential for application of performance contracting in both the public and private sectors in developing nations is enormous, the growth of the ESCO industry has been particularly slow in the country.
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
In order to develop a viable ESCO industry, Ministry of Power has set up Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a Joint Venture of Public Sector Units like NTPC Limited, PFC, REC and POWERGRID to facilitate implementation of energy efficiency projects. EESL will work as ESCO, as Consultancy Organization for CDM, Energy Efficiency, etc.; as a resource centre for capacity building of SDAs, utilities, financial institutions, etc. The EESL will also lead the market-related actions of the National Mission for Enhanced Energy efficiency (NMEEE), which is one of the 8 National Mission under Prime Minister’s National Action Plan on Climate Change. The EESL is registered under the companies Act, 1956 on 10th December 2009 & the commencement of business certificate is obtained on 11th February 2010. It will be the first such company exclusively for implementation of energy efficiency in South Asia and amongst a very few such instances in the world.
Energy savings strategies
As on date there is no standardization and therefore three types of energy savings strategies are being been adopted by different bodies for change over from conventional source to LED street light systems.
- Lumen Optimisation – Lux Levels can be reduced.
- Lumen Up gradation – Lux Levels can be increased.
- Lumen maintained – Lux Levels to be maintained.
With above as a background, I have more than 45 years of experience in field of lighting, and being one of the BIS Panel Member on Road Lighting standards, I assisted B H Mahatre of B.E.S.T. & Chairman of BIS Panel in drafting all the parts of IS 1944 except part 1 in seventies, having worked on planned city lighting of Hyderabad – Secunderabad for first time in India, by way of carrying out survey, working on lighting design and assisting in getting the order worth Rs.20Mln way back in 1977 and thereafter guiding for several cities like Pune , Baroda, Delhi, Srinagar and so on, would like to express my opinion on what all should be considered for such energy saving change over using LEDs in Road Lighting.
Infrastructure
- Street lighting infrastructure in India is very poor. May be 20% of the roads are rightly lighted with planned street lighting. Almost 80% of the street lighting are with very poor infrastructure, means road lighting parameters are not as per standards, spacing, mounting height, arrangement, overhangs and so no are varying, no separate poles for streetlights, poles used are same as that of transmission lines, RCC poles are used that means no earthing, supply is taped from overhead lines, feeder pillars are not dedicated to street lights but they do supply powers for other activities too.
- The power quality is poor with low voltage (110V +) in the evening and high voltage after midnight (may be 370V+) in most of the states. The surge varies from 2kVA to 4kVA and many times exceeds 4kVA.
- This means for one to one street light replacement with LEDs for energy savings results in poor lighting quality installations and rates of failures are high.
- Therefore while changing over to LED street lighting for energy savings it should not be on one to one basis but on the following basis.
Mapping
For such planned street lighting existing data in terms of traffic density, classifications of road for lighting parameters required as per standards, width wise road length, number of poles, arrangement, overhang, angle of tilt, lighting parameters, energy bill for street lighting, feeder pillars, number of street lights per feeder pillars, the supply voltage during night, surge levels, and so on must be surveyed or in other words mapping of street lighting should be done and infrastructure also should be improved before under taking such one to one change over.
Budget
Budget should include not only for LED Street Lights but also for mapping as well as improvement in infra structure.
Standards on street lighting
As on date there is no BIS on LED street lights and all concerned have to understand that LEDs are associated with Electronics. Standards must include climatic and environmental conditions, effect of floating neutral, lightening protection, issues related overhead tapping, earthing, quality, quality of power supply, lighting parameters, and so on. Similarly optical management is equally important as IS 2149 talks about throw, spread and control where as American specifications talks about area 1,2,3,4 & 5 specifications, as most streetlights are coming from China and they follow the same specs. Further standardization in colour is an issue. As compared to TL, CFL, HPMV, HPSV, MH, CCT of LEDs are available in wider range of white and must be standardized. Mesopic lighting and lowering of lighting parameters for white LED light to be well understood as per CIE standards and is based on luminance and not illuminance.
Other points needs to be considered are illuminance v/s. luminance with length wise uniformity ratio which is international standards and also adopted in National Lighting Code 2010 without considering standardization on road reflection characteristics, road classifications particularly with speed and type of mixed traffic as compared to European traffic, lane discipline, in wet conditions white light creates veil in front of driver as compared to yellow light, light pollution, night sky specifications, and so on. BIS should look in to all such issues while working on revised street lighting standards.
Education
Street lighting is a complex subject and for that I would like to strongly recommend that BEE should make compulsory like UK, all ULBs must have qualified street lighting engineers with qualification similar to Diploma in outdoor lighting as given by ILE in UK. Similarly LED lighting and street lighting education like IESNA, three days course should be spread at all levels to achieve required good lighting with energy savings.
Author is Lighting Designer & Educator- ALD (USA).
No comments:
Post a Comment